BOOK REVIEWS     

《The Professional geographer》1987,39(2):238-266

Book Reviewed in this article: Women, Work, and Ideology in the Third World . Haleh Afshar, ed. The Birth of the National Park Service. The Founding Years 1913–33 . Horace M. Albright Theatres of Accumulation: Studies in Asian and Latin American Urbanization . Warwick Armstrong and T.G. McGee. New Tools for Social Scientists, Advances and Applications in Research Methods . William D. Berry and Michael S. Lewis -Beck , eds . Uncertain Dimensions: Western Overseas Empires in the Twentieth Century . Raymond F. Betts. Geography of Sugar Cane . Helmut Blume. The Mines of Neptune: Minerals and Metals from the Sea . Elisabeth Mann Borgese. Geographical Dimensions of Energy . F.J. Calzonetti and B.D. Solomon, eds. Statistical Methods for Geographers . W. A. V. Clark and P. L. Hosking. In The Wake of Columbus, Islands and Controversy . John DeVorsey, Jr., and John Parker, eds. Housing, States and Localities . Peter Dickens, Simon Duncan, Mark Goodwin and Fred Gray. Physician Location and Specialty Choice . Richard L. Ernst and Donald E. Yett. Practical Ecology for Geography and Biology: Survey, Mapping, and Data Analysis . D.D. Gilbertson , M. Kent and F.B. Pyatt Large Scale Water Transfers: Emerging Environmental and Social Experiences . Genady N. Golubev and Asit K. Biswas, eds. The Nature of the Environment . Andrew Goudie. Planning for Population Change . W.T.S. Gould and R. Lawton. The Niger and its Neighbors: Environmental History and Hydrobiology. Human Use and Health Hazards of the Major West African Rivers . A.T. Grove, ed. Remote Sensing of Ice and Snow . Dorothy K. Hall and Jaroslav Martinec. Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture . Sam Bowers Hilliard. Galilee Divided; The Israel-Lebanon Frontier, 1916-1984 . Frederic C. Hor . Plains Country Towns . John C. Hudson. Agricultural Geography: A Social and Economic Analysis . Brian W. Ilbery. Industry in the 1980s: Structural Change and Interdependence . U.N. Industrial Development Organization. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States . Kenneth T. Jackson. The Industrial Geography of Italy . Russell King. Studies in Linguistic Geography: The Dialects of English in Britain and Ireland . John M. Kirk, Stewart Sanderson, J.D.A. Widdowson, eds. Tourism: A Community Approach . Peter E. Murphy. Cities and Services: The Geography of Collective Consumption . Steven Pinch. An Historical Geography of Europe 1800–1914 . Norman J. G. Pounds. An Introduction to Human Ecology Research on Agricultural Systems in Southeast Asia . A. Terry Rambo and Percy E. Sajise, eds. Discovering Past Landscapes . Michael Reed, ed. Managing the Ocean: Resources, Research, Law . Jacques G. Richardson, ed. Carta fitosociologica de la transecta botanica de la Patagonia Austral . F.A. Roig , Juan Anchorema , Orlando Dollenz , A.M. Faggi and Eduardo Mandez Intermetropolitan Migration in Canada: Changing Determinants over Three Decades . R. Paul Shaw. Chinese Cities—The Growth of the Metropolis since 1949 . Victor F. Sit, ed. Urbanization in the World-Economy . Michael Timberlake, ed. The Al Business: Commercial Uses of Artificial Intelligence . Patrick H. Winston and Karen A. Prendergast, eds.  相似文献   

Chemical and Sr-Nd compositions and 40Ar/39Ar ages of NW-trending dolerite dikes of Burkina Faso: Evidence for a Mesoproterozoic magmatism in the West African Craton     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2018,9(6):1957-1980

The Paleoproterozoic basement of the northeastern part of the Leo-Man craton is intruded by generally NW-trending dikes. These regional scale dikes extend over 1000 km in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger. We present chemical and Sr-Nd isotope compositions, as well as ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of these dikes with the following strikes N98°–N112°, and N114°–N124° in NE Burkina Faso. Field relationships show that the dikes are posterior to all other rock types dated between 2.26 Ga and 2.0 Ga. Chemical data indicate that the dikes are continental flood basalts and composed of low-Ti (TiO₂ ≤ 2 wt.%) sub-alkaline basalts and andesites. They exhibit a minor negative Europium anomaly (0.86–0.99) and slightly fractionated REE patterns ((La/Yb)_N = 2.5–9.1; Yb_N = 9.5–19.9). The ratios of Th/Ta (1.3–11.4) and Ce/Pb (5.2–58.5) suggest a varying crustal assimilation of the dike magmas during ascent in the continental crust for all studied samples. Calculated P-T conditions indicate that the magma reached temperatures of 1285 °C (calculated from olivine compositions) and pressures of 6.9 kbar (calculated for pyroxene minerals). Calculated initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.70040–0.70260) and ɛ_Nd(t) = +2.1 to −3.5 at 1575 Ma, also point to a crustal contamination with the most primitive samples showing T_DM values of 1946 Ma and 2154 Ma. The low values of La/Ba (<0.2) and Nb/La (<1.0), contrast with the low Th/Nb (<0.9), and suggest a lithospheric mantle or subduction-modified mantle as possible source for the dikes. Sr-Nd data, Mg# and Nb-Ta-Zr-Y-Th-Tb-Yb compositions further suggest that the most primitive samples were emplaced in a none orogenic setting and their magmas were subjected to variable crustal contaminations. Literature and the present whole rock ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age determinations show that the dikes were emplaced during a widespread Mesoproterozoic magmatism between 1.6 Ga and 1.2 Ga, and were affected by a thermal event causing the argon systematics resetting, best constrained by the date of sample KK1 (1236 ± 20 Ma, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar = 294 ± 13, MSWD = 2.2). Contemporaneous 1590–1570 Ma extensive magmatism is reported in other crustal blocks in Baltica (Sveconorw-Goth, svecofennian) NW Laurentia (Slave craton, Yukon), and Australia (Gawler craton), and together with the 1575 studied dikes, are related to the breakup of the supercontinent Nuna.  相似文献   

刚果(金)绿纱铜钴矿床黑色页岩Rb-Sr测年及其区域成矿意义     

高帮飞  沈阳  钟长汀  马恒  张作伦 《地质学报》2021,95(4):1029-1049

中非铜钴矿带是全球最大最具经济价值的沉积型层状铜成矿带之一.区域内铜钴矿床形成分布主要受区域地层和构造控制,成矿具有多期特征.含矿地层中发育大量褶皱前浸染状和顺层脉状矿化,指示可能存在成岩之后和造山主构造变形之前的矿化叠加作用.本文通过绿纱铜钴矿床矿化黑色页岩全岩Rb-Sr测年及Sr-Nd同位素研究,获得早期浸染状矿化黑色页岩等时线年龄为742±32Ma(MSWD=0.39),与木瓦夏-恩古巴裂谷作用同期;晚期脉状矿化黑色页岩及与脉体中白云石、黄铜矿单矿物构成的内部等时线年龄分别为680±24Ma(MSWD=0.95)和678±21Ma(MSWD=1.5),为刚果克拉通与卡拉哈里克拉通俯冲造山作用初期.Sr,Nd同位素特征显示,早期浸染状矿化成矿物质来源长英质基底和同期基性火山岩;晚期脉状矿化成矿物质来源基性基底和赋矿围岩,与盆地内循环热卤水成矿有关.大量证据表明,顺层脉状矿化及其伴生切层脉状和角砾岩状矿化具有三维空间上的连通性,为同期矿化作用产物.脉体的形成与区域挤压作用引起的超高压流体水压致裂和侧向流动有关,区域挤压应力的动力来源于俯冲造山作用.700Ma左右,罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解结束及冈瓦纳超大陆聚合开始,引起区域构造体制从伸展向挤压转换,可能是区域大规模叠加成矿作用发生的地球动力学机制.  相似文献   

海南岛西部戈枕含金剪切带花岗质糜棱岩中锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学及其地质意义     

李宝龙  王丹丹  张建  毛景文  马波 《岩石学报》2018,34(9):2687-2702

海南岛西部的中元古代抱板群混合岩主要沿北东向戈枕剪切带展布,近年来的研究逐渐揭示混合岩的原岩为花岗质岩石,是遭受强烈剪切作用改造的糜棱岩。本文选择土外山金矿的花岗质糜棱岩和不磨金矿的糜棱岩化花岗岩进行锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学测试,3件样品的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb谐和线年龄值分别为1439.1±8.4Ma(样品13JC-8-1,MSWD=0.85,n=14)、1436.9±8.3Ma(样品13JC-41,MSWD=0.54,n=10)和1448±13Ma(样品BM-3,MSWD=0.56,n=10),代表其原岩的侵位时代。结合研究区已有的研究成果,本文认为海南岛西部花岗质岩类和沿戈枕剪切带出露的糜棱岩原岩结晶年龄为~1450Ma,之后于~1400Ma经历一期构造-热变质事件;海南岛应为华夏地块的一部分,在Rodinia超大陆聚合前,华夏地块(包括海南岛,至少包括海南岛北西部)最有可能位于劳伦大陆南缘的西南延伸部分,华夏地块(包括海南岛)所经历的格林威尔造山事件可能较扬子板块偏早。  相似文献   

Africa’s middle class: building houses and constructing identities in the small town of Buea,Cameroon     

Ben Page  Emile Sunjo 《Urban geography》2018,39(1):75-103

Across Africa households are commissioning new domestic buildings for their own use or to rent out rather than waiting for governments to supply urban shelter. We conceptualize this as two interwoven processes: building houses for a new middle class and the building of a new middle class identity. We draw particular attention to the impact of international migration on these processes. The paper uses quantitative data from building permits and qualitative data from 29 interviews and walk-round tours with homeowners and government officials in Buea, Cameroon. Despite some significant caveats (related to housing the urban poor, regulating building standards, and lost local government revenue), we argue that these individually initiated building projects do a reasonable job of meeting local demand for shelter. However, from the perspective of identity-building these buildings are less successful. Whilst homeowners take considerable pride in their building projects, the statements that these structures make about their identities are not always “read” by their neighbours in the way owners hope. New housing is the lens through which Buea’s residents interpret growing levels of inequality and its associated social tensions.  相似文献   

夏季青藏高原上空热力异常与其上下游大气环流联系的研究进展     

刘舸  赵平  南素兰  陈军明  王慧美 《气象学报》2018,76(6):861-869

围绕夏季青藏高原热力异常与其上、下游大气环流在年际尺度变化上的联系,对最新的研究成果做了简要介绍。通过观测资料分析与数值试验,指出在年际尺度上夏季青藏高原热力异常与同期亚洲-太平洋涛动（APO）具有显著且稳定的联系,前者可能通过调节亚洲和中东太平洋热带外大尺度垂直环流异常影响后者。另外,夏季青藏高原热力异常对高原上空及更大范围上对流层温度的年际变化也有一定贡献,进而通过对上游大尺度环流的调节作用影响到同期西非萨赫勒地区的降水。夏季青藏高原热力异常只是导致其上、下游大气环流年际变化的一个原因,其他影响效应尚需进一步探讨。   相似文献   

冬季赤道太平洋不同类型海温异常表征指数的再构建   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

王美  管兆勇  皮冬勤 《大气科学学报》2016,39(4):455-467

利用1963—2013年Hadley中心月平均海表温度资料,以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,根据两类厄尔尼诺事件发生时北半球冬季赤道太平洋地区海温异常的不同空间分布特征,即赤道中太平洋CP型和东太平洋EP型海温异常空间分布,从寻找与之相似的空间型角度出发,设计了一组新的海温异常指数I_(CP)和I_(EP)。与以往ENSO指数相比,新指数组I_(CP)和I_(EP)不仅表示了空间上相互独立的海温异常分布,而且在相同的研究时段内,因时间域上相互独立而能更好地表征和区分两类El Ni?o/La Ni?a事件。据此,采用该新指数组探讨了与中部型和东部型海温异常事件相关的热带太平洋的主要海气耦合特征。结果表明,与传统的东部型El Ni?o事件发生时最大暖海温中心位于赤道东太平洋地区不同,中部型El Ni?o事件,异常增暖中心位于赤道中太平洋。中部型时异常Walker环流的上升支向西偏移,异常降水集中于热带中太平洋,不似东部型时异常限定于赤道东太平洋地区。不论哪类事件,海洋性大陆均可受到影响,即CP或EP型El Ni?o发生时,海洋性大陆区域降水偏少。但比较而言,中部型ENSO对海洋性大陆区域的影响更大。  相似文献   

Annual cycle of the upper-ocean circulation and properties in the tropical western Indian Ocean     

M Manyilizu  P Penven  CJC Reason 《African Journal of Marine Science》2016,38(1):81-99

A regional ocean model was used to simulate the annual cycle of the upper-ocean dynamics and its influence on ocean properties in the tropical western Indian Ocean. Surface winds and heat fluxes from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis forced the model (Model_NCEP) with initial and lateral boundary conditions derived from the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA). The model findings were in good agreement with previous research, satellite and observational data as well as another model configuration forced by Comprehensive Ocean and Atmosphere Data Sets (COADS). The initial and lateral boundary conditions for Model_COADS were extracted from World Ocean Atlas 2001. Anticyclonic wind stress curl occurred to the north of Madagascar, and extended towards the Tanzanian coast throughout the year, leading to Ekman convergence and downwelling in that region. The lowest sea-surface height values during the year occurred between 5° and 12° S with an elongated and contracted shape. The East African Coastal Current (EACC) was in phase with the westward North-East Madagascar Current (NEMC) throughout the year with volume transports peaking in June through July in the model forced by NCEP reanalysis. The variability of the volume transport, ocean currents, temperature and salinity to the north of Madagascar on the path of the NEMC mirrored those in the middle Tanzanian shelf on the path of the EACC throughout the year. The NEMC seemed to influence the water masses on the Tanzanian shelf, with cooler and lower-salinity water in the South-West Monsoon, and warmer and saltier water during the North-East Monsoon.  相似文献   

Late Holocene Environmental Reconstructions from Lake Solai,Kenya     

Michelle Goman  Gail M. Ashley  R. Bernhart Owen  Victoria C. Hover  Dev K. Maharjan 《The Professional geographer》2017,69(3):438-454

Playa lake systems tend to be overlooked archives of paleoenvironmental change due to the likelihood of a short and intermittent record of deposition. Groundwater-fed wetlands associated with these climate-sensitive playas, however, preserve changes in hydrologic budget and are thus valuable archives for semiarid regions. This study examines the paleoecological record of a groundwater-fed wetland from Lake Solai, Kenya. Biological proxies are used to reconstruct paleoenvironmental change and climate impacts over the past millennium. Dry conditions persisted between CE 1115 and 1490, followed by wetter conditions during the Little Ice Age. Near surface sediments indicate increasing anthropogenic impact through pastoralism.  相似文献   

Strengthened African summer monsoon in the mid-Piacenzian     

Ran Zhang  Zhongshi Zhang  Dabang Jiang  Qing Yan  Xin Zhou  Zhigang Cheng 《大气科学进展》2016,33(9):1061-1070

Using model results from the first phase of the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP) and four experiments with CAM4, the intensified African summer monsoon (ASM) in the mid-Piacenzian and corresponding mechanisms are analyzed. The results from PlioMIP show that the ASM intensified and summer precipitation increased in North Africa during the mid-Piacenzian, which can be explained by the increased net energy in the atmospheric column above North Africa. Further experiments with CAM4 indicated that the combined changes in the mid-Piacenzian of atmospheric CO₂ concentration and SST, as well as the vegetation change, could have substantially increased the net energy in the atmospheric column over North Africa and further intensified the ASM. The experiments also demonstrated that topography change had a weak effect. Overall, the combined changes of atmospheric CO₂ concentration and SST were the most important factor that brought about the intensified ASM in the mid-Piacenzian.  相似文献